Potential Biomedical Applications of Terbium-Based Nanoparticles (TbNPs): A Review on Recent Advancement.

The scientific world is increasingly focusing on rare earth metal oxide nanomaterials due to their consequential biological prospects, navigated by breakthroughs in biomedical applications. Terbium belongs to rare earth elements (lanthanide series) and possesses remarkably strong luminescence at lower energy emission and signal transduction properties, ushering in wide applications for diagnostic measurements (i.e., bioimaging, biosensors, fluorescence imaging, etc.) in the biomedical sectors. In addition, the theranostic applications of terbium-based nanoparticles further permit the targeted delivery of drugs to the specific site of the disease. Furthermore, the antimicrobial properties of terbium nanoparticles induced via reactive oxygen species (ROS) cause oxidative damage to the cell membrane and nuclei of living organisms, ion release, and surface charge interaction, thus further creating or exhibiting excellent antioxidant characteristics. Moreover, the recent applications of terbium nanoparticles in tissue engineering, wound healing, anticancer activity, etc., due to angiogenesis, cell proliferation, promotion of growth factors, biocompatibility, cytotoxicity mitigation, and anti-inflammatory potentials, make this nanoparticle anticipate a future epoch of nanomaterials. Terbium nanoparticles stand as a game changer in the realm of biomedical research, proffering a wide array of possibilities, from revolutionary imaging techniques to advanced drug delivery systems. Their unique properties, including luminescence, magnetic characteristics, and biocompatibility, have redefined the boundaries of what can be achieved in biomedicine. This review primarily delves into various mechanisms involved in biomedical applications via terbium-based nanoparticles due to their physicochemical characteristics. This review article further explains the potential biomedical applications of terbium nanoparticles with in-depth significant mechanisms from the individual literature. This review additionally stands as the first instance to furnish a "single-platted" comprehensive acquaintance of terbium nanoparticles in shaping the future of healthcare as well as potential limitations and overcoming strategies that require exploration before being trialed in clinical settings.

A comprehensive review on Moringa oleifera nanoparticles: importance of polyphenols in nanoparticle synthesis, nanoparticle efficacy and their applications.

Moringa oleifera is one of the popular functional foods that has been tremendously exploited for synthesis of a vast majority of metal nanoparticles (NPs). The diverse secondary metabolites present in this plant turn it into a green tool for synthesis of different NPs with various biological activities. In this review, we discussed different types of NPs including silver, gold, titanium oxide, iron oxide, and zinc oxide NPs produced from the extract of different parts of M. oleifera. Different parts of M. oleifera take a role as the reducing, stabilizing, capping agent, and depending on the source of extract, the color of solution changes within NP synthesis. We highlighted the role of polyphenols in the synthesis of NPs among major constituents of M. oleifera extract. The different synthesis methods that could lead to the formation of various sizes and shapes of NPs and play crucial role in biomedical application were critically discussed. We further debated the mechanism of interaction of NPs with various sizes and shapes with the cells, and further their clearance from the body. The application of NPs made from M. oleifera extract as anticancer, antimicrobial, wound healing, and water treatment agent were also discussed. Small NPs show better antimicrobial activity, while they can be easily cleared from the body through the kidney. In contrast, large NPs are taken by the mono nuclear phagocyte system (MPS) cells. In case of shape, the NPs with spherical shape penetrate into the bacteria, and show stronger antibacterial activity compared to the NPs with other shapes. Finally, this review aims to correlate the key characteristics of NPs made from M. oleifera extract, such as size and shape, to their interactions with the cells for designing and engineering them for bio-applications and especially for therapeutic purposes.

Nanomaterials-assisted photothermal therapy for breast cancer: State-of-the-art advances and future perspectives.

Breast cancer (BC) remains an enigmatic fatal modality ubiquitously prevalent in different parts of the world. Contemporary medicines face severe challenges in remediating and healing breast cancer. Due to its spatial specificity and nominal invasive therapeutic regime, photothermal therapy (PTT) has attracted much scientific attention down the lane. PTT utilizes a near-infrared (NIR) light source to irradiate the tumor target intravenously or non-invasively, which is converted into heat energy over an optical fibre. Dynamic progress in nanomaterial synthesis was achieved with specialized visual, physicochemical, biological, and pharmacological features to make up for the inadequacies and expand the horizon of PTT. Numerous nanomaterials have substantial NIR absorption and can function as efficient photothermal transducers. It is achievable to limit the wavelength range of an absorbance peak for specific nanomaterials by manipulating their synthesis, enhancing the precision and quality of PTT. Along the same lines, various nanomaterials are conjugated with a wide range of surface-modifying chemicals, including polymers and antibodies, which may modify the persistence of the nanomaterial and diminish toxicity concerns. In this article, we tend to put forth specific insights and fundamental conceptualizations on pre-existing PTT and its advances upon conjugation with different biocompatible nanomaterials working in synergy to combat breast cancer, encompassing several strategies like immunotherapy, chemotherapy, photodynamic therapy, and radiotherapy coupled with PTT. Additionally, the role or mechanisms of nanoparticles, as well as possible alternatives to PTT, are summarized as a distinctive integral aspect in this article.

Impact of Oxysterols in Age-Related Disorders and Strategies to Alleviate Adverse Effects.

Oxysterols or cholesterol oxidation products are a class of molecules with the sterol moiety, derived from oxidative reaction of cholesterol through enzymatic and non-enzymatic processes. They are widely reported in animal-origin foods and prove significant involvement in the regulation of cholesterol homeostasis, lipid transport, cellular signaling, and other physiological processes. Reports of oxysterol-mediated cytotoxicity are in abundance and thus consequently implicated in several age-related and lifestyle disorders such as cardiovascular diseases, bone disorders, pancreatic disorders, age-related macular degeneration, cataract, neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease, and some types of cancers. In this chapter, we attempt to review a selection of physiologically relevant oxysterols, with a focus on their formation, properties, and roles in health and disease, while also delving into the potential of natural and synthetic molecules along with bacterial enzymes for mitigating oxysterol-mediated cell damage.

Role of Exosomes in Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition.

Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a fundamental process driving cancer metastasis, transforming non-motile cells into a motile population that migrates to distant organs and forms secondary tumors. In recent years, cancer research has revealed a strong connection between exosomes and the EMT. Exosomes, a subpopulation of extracellular vesicles, facilitate cellular communication and dynamically regulate various aspects of cancer metastasis, including immune cell suppression, extracellular matrix remodeling, metastasis initiation, EMT initiation, and organ-specific metastasis. Tumor-derived exosomes (TEXs) and their molecular cargo, comprising proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, and carbohydrates, are essential components that promote EMT in cancer. TEXs miRNAs play a crucial role in reprogramming the tumor microenvironment, while TEX surface integrins contribute to organ-specific metastasis. Exosome-based cancer metastasis research offers a deeper understanding about cancer and an effective theranostic platform development. Additionally, various therapeutic sources of exosomes are paving the way for innovative cancer treatment development. In this Review, we spotlight the role of exosomes in EMT and their theranostic impact, aiming to inspire cancer researchers worldwide to explore this fascinating field in more innovative ways.

Exploring the theranostic potentials of miRNA and epigenetic networks in autoimmune diseases: A comprehensive review.

BACKGROUND: Autoimmune diseases (AD) are severe pathophysiological ailments that are stimulated by an exaggerated immunogenic response towards self-antigens, which can cause systemic or site-specific organ damage. An array of complex genetic and epigenetic facets majorly contributes to the progression of AD, thus providing significant insight into the regulatory mechanism of microRNA (miRNA). miRNAs are short, non-coding RNAs that have been identified as essential contributors to the post-transcriptional regulation of host genome expression and as crucial regulators of a myriad of biological processes such as immune homeostasis, T helper cell differentiation, central and peripheral tolerance, and immune cell development. AIMS: This article tends to deliberate and conceptualize the brief pathogenesis and pertinent epigenetic regulatory mechanism as well as miRNA networks majorly affecting five different ADs namely rheumatoid arthritis (RA), type 1 diabetes, multiple sclerosis (MS), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and inflammatory bowel disorder (IBD) thereby providing novel miRNA-based theranostic interventions. RESULTS & DISCUSSION: Pertaining to the differential expression of miRNA attributed in target tissues and cellular bodies of innate and adaptive immunity, a paradigm of scientific expeditions suggests an optimistic correlation between immunogenic dysfunction and miRNA alterations. CONCLUSION: Therefore, it is not astonishing that dysregulations in miRNA expression patterns are now recognized in a wide spectrum of disorders, establishing themselves as potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets. Owing to its theranostic potencies, miRNA targets have been widely utilized in the development of biosensors and other therapeutic molecules originating from the same.

Advancements in gelatin-based hydrogel systems for biomedical applications: A state-of-the-art review.

A gelatin-based hydrogel system is a stimulus-responsive, biocompatible, and biodegradable polymeric system with solid-like rheology that entangles moisture in its porous network that gradually protrudes to assemble a hierarchical crosslinked arrangement. The hydrolysis of collagen directs gelatin construction, which retains arginyl glycyl aspartic acid and matrix metalloproteinase-sensitive degeneration sites, further confining access to chemicals entangled within the gel (e.g., cell encapsulation), modulating the release of encapsulated payloads and providing mechanical signals to the adjoining cells. The utilization of various types of functional tunable biopolymers as scaffold materials in hydrogels has become highly attractive due to their higher porosity and mechanical ability; thus, higher loading of proteins, peptides, therapeutic molecules, etc., can be further modulated. Furthermore, a stimulus-mediated gelatin-based hydrogel with an impaired concentration of gellan demonstrated great shear thinning and self-recovering characteristics in biomedical and tissue engineering applications. Therefore, this contemporary review presents a concise version of the gelatin-based hydrogel as a conceivable biomaterial for various biomedical applications. In addition, the article has recapped the multiple sources of gelatin and their structural characteristics concerning stimulating hydrogel development and delivery approaches of therapeutic molecules (e.g., proteins, peptides, genes, drugs, etc.), existing challenges, and overcoming designs, particularly from drug delivery perspectives.

Unlocking Exosome-Based Theragnostic Signatures: Deciphering Secrets of Ovarian Cancer Metastasis.

Ovarian cancer (OC) is a common gynecological cancer worldwide. Unfortunately, the lack of early detection methods translates into a substantial cohort of women grappling with the pressing health crisis. The discovery of extracellular vesicles (EVs) (their major subpopulation exosomes, microvesicles, and apoptotic bodies) has provided new insights into the understanding of cancer. Exosomes, a subpopulation of EVs, play a crucial role in cellular communication and reflect the cellular status under both healthy and pathological conditions. Tumor-derived exosomes (TEXs) dynamically influence ovarian cancer progression by regulating uncontrolled cell growth, immune suppression, angiogenesis, metastasis, and the development of drug and therapeutic resistance. In the field of OC diagnostics, TEXs offer potential biomarkers in various body fluids. On the other hand, exosomes have also shown promising abilities to cure ovarian cancer. In this review, we address the interlink between exosomes and ovarian cancer and explore their theragnostic signature. Finally, we highlight future directions of exosome-based ovarian cancer research.

Virulence traits and novel drug delivery strategies for mucormycosis post-COVID-19: a comprehensive review.

The outbreak of a fatal black fungus infection after the resurgence of the cadaverous COVID-19 has exhorted scientists worldwide to develop a nutshell by repurposing or designing new formulations to address the crisis. Patients expressing COVID-19 are more susceptible to Mucormycosis (MCR) and thus fall easy prey to decease accounting for this global threat. Their mortality rates range around 32-70% depending on the organs affected and grow even higher despite the treatment. The many contemporary recommendations strongly advise using liposomal amphotericin B and surgery as first-line therapy whenever practicable. MCR is a dangerous infection that requires an antifungal drug administration on appropriate prescription, typically one of the following: Amphotericin B, Posaconazole, or Isavuconazole since the fungi that cause MCR are resistant to other medications like fluconazole, voriconazole, and echinocandins. Amphotericin B and Posaconazole are administered through veins (intravenously), and isavuconazole by mouth (orally). From last several years so many compounds are developed against invasive fungal disease but only few of them are able to induce effective treatment against the micorals. Adjuvant medicines, more particularly, are difficult to assess without prospective randomized controlled investigations, which are challenging to conduct given the lower incidence and higher mortality from Mucormycosis. The present analysis provides insight into pathogenesis, epidemiology, clinical manifestations, underlying fungal virulence, and growth mechanisms. In addition, current therapy for MCR in Post Covid-19 individuals includes conventional and novel nano-based advanced management systems for procuring against deadly fungal infection. The study urges involving nanomedicine to prevent fungal growth at the commencement of infection, delay the progression, and mitigate fatality risk.

Targeting NF-κB pathway for the anti-inflammatory potential of Bhadradarvadi kashayam on stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages.

Macrophage-arbitrated inflammation is associated with the regulation of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Low risk and better efficiency are steered herbal drugs more credible than conventional medicines in RA management. Bhadradarvadi (BDK) concoction has been traditionally used for rheumatism in Ayurveda. However, the mechanisms at the molecular level are still elusive. This study was designed to inspect the process of immunomodulation and anti-inflammatory properties of BDK in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages for the first time. BDK concoction was prepared and evaluated with the stimulated murine macrophage-like RAW 264.7 cell lines. TNF-α, IL6, and PGE2 were quantified by ELISA. The normalization of the fold change in the expression of the target gene mRNA was done by comparing the values of the ß-actin housekeeping gene using the 2-ΔΔCt comparative cycle threshold. The expression of TNF-α, IL6, iNOS, and COX-2 in the RAW 264.7 macrophage cells was analyzed using flow cytometry. Our results showed that BDK (150-350 µl/ml) treatment significantly decreased the inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, and IL-6) and inflammatory mediators (PGE2) in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophage cells. The pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1ß, and IL-6) expression, inflammatory enzymes (iNOS and COX-2), and NF-κBp65 were significantly downregulated at transcriptome level in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophage cells. The flow cytometry analysis revealed that BDK treatment diminished the TNF-α, IL-6, iNOS, and COX-2 expression at the proteome level, as well as obstruction of NF-κB-p65 nuclear translocation was observed by immunofluorescence analysis in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophage cells. Collectively, BDK can intensely augment the anti-inflammatory activities via inhibiting the NF-κB signaling pathway trigger for treating autoimmune disorders including RA.

Addressing the resurgence of global monkeypox (Mpox) through advanced drug delivery platforms.

Monkeypox (Mpox) is a transmissible infection induced by the Monkeypox virus (a double-stranded DNA virus), recognised under the family orthopoxvirus genus. Monkeypox, like endemic diseases, is a substantial concern worldwide; thus, comprehending the pathogenesis and mutagenesis of amino acids is indispensable to combat the infection. According to the World Health Organization's report, about 89 thousand cases with 160 mortalities have been reported from 114 countries worldwide. The conventional orthopoxvirus vaccines developed on live attenuated viruses exempted any clinical validation from combating monkeypox due to inadequate immunogenicity, toxicity, instability, and multiple doses. Therefore, novel drug delivery systems come into the conception with high biological and mechanical characteristics to address the resurgence of Global Monkeypox. The edges of metallic biomaterials, novel molecules, and vaccine development in targeted therapy increase the modulation of the immune response and blockage of host-virus interaction, with enhanced stability for the antigens. Thus, this review strives to comprehend the viral cell pathogenesis concerning amino acid mutagenesis and current epidemiological standards of the Monkeypox disease across the globe. Furthermore, the review also recapitulates the various clinical challenges, current therapies, and progressive nanomedicine utilisation in the Monkeypox outbreak reinforced by various clinical trial reports. The contemporary challenges of novel drug delivery systems in Monkeypox treatment cannot be overlooked, and thus, authors have outlined the future strategies to develop successful nanomedicine to combat monkeypox. Future pandemics are inevitable but can be satisfactorily handled if we comprehend the crises, innovate, and develop cutting-edge technologies, especially by delving into frontiers like nanotechnology.

Clinical Theranostics Trademark of Exosome in Glioblastoma Metastasis.

Glioblastoma (GBM) is an aggressive type of cancer that has led to the death of a large population. The traditional approach fails to develop a solution for GBM's suffering life. Extensive research into tumor microenvironments (TME) indicates that TME extracellular vesicles (EVs) play a vital role in cancer development and progression. EVs are classified into microvacuoles, apoptotic bodies, and exosomes. Exosomes are the most highlighted domains in cancer research. GBM cell-derived exosomes participate in multiple cancer progression events such as immune suppression, angiogenesis, premetastatic niche formation (PMN), ECM (extracellular matrix), EMT (epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition), metastasis, cancer stem cell development and therapeutic and drug resistance. GBM exosomes also carry the signature of a glioblastoma-related status. The exosome-based GBM examination is part of the new generation of liquid biopsy. It also solved early diagnostic limitations in GBM. Traditional therapeutic approaches do not cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Exosomes are a game changer in GBM treatment and it is emerging as a potential platform for effective, efficient, and specific therapeutic development. In this review, we have explored the exosome-GBM interlink, the clinical impact of exosomes on GBM biomarkers, the therapeutics signature of exosomes in GBM, exosome-based research challenges, and future directions in GBM. Therefore, the GBM-derived exosomes offer unique therapeutic opportunities, which are currently under preclinical and clinical testing.

Exosomal miRNAs and breast cancer: a complex theranostics interlink with clinical significance.

Breast cancer (BC) remains the most challenging global health crisis of the current decade, impacting a large population of females annually. In the field of cancer research, the discovery of extracellular vesicles (EVs), specifically exosomes (a subpopulation of EVs), has marked a significant milestone. In general, exosomes are released from all active cells but tumour cell-derived exosomes (TDXs) have a great impact (TDXs miRNAs, proteins, lipid molecules) on cancer development and progression. TDXs regulate multiple events in breast cancer such as tumour microenvironment remodelling, immune cell suppression, angiogenesis, metastasis (EMT-epithelial mesenchymal transition, organ-specific metastasis), and therapeutic resistance. In BC, early detection is the most challenging event, exosome-based BC screening solved the problem. Exosome-based BC treatment is a sign of the transforming era of liquid biopsy, it is also a promising therapeutic tool for breast cancer. Exosome research goes to closer precision oncology via a single exosome profiling approach. Our hope is that this review will serve as motivation for researchers to explore the field of exosomes and develop an efficient, and affordable theranostics approach for breast cancer.

Exploring the Complex Relationship between Diabetes and Cardiovascular Complications: Understanding Diabetic Cardiomyopathy and Promising Therapies.

Diabetes mellitus (DM) and cardiovascular complications are two unmet medical emergencies that can occur together. The rising incidence of heart failure in diabetic populations, in addition to apparent coronary heart disease, ischemia, and hypertension-related complications, has created a more challenging situation. Diabetes, as a predominant cardio-renal metabolic syndrome, is related to severe vascular risk factors, and it underlies various complex pathophysiological pathways at the metabolic and molecular level that progress and converge toward the development of diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM). DCM involves several downstream cascades that cause structural and functional alterations of the diabetic heart, such as diastolic dysfunction progressing into systolic dysfunction, cardiomyocyte hypertrophy, myocardial fibrosis, and subsequent heart failure over time. The effects of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) analogues and sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT-2) inhibitors on cardiovascular (CV) outcomes in diabetes have shown promising results, including improved contractile bioenergetics and significant cardiovascular benefits. The purpose of this article is to highlight the various pathophysiological, metabolic, and molecular pathways that contribute to the development of DCM and its significant effects on cardiac morphology and functioning. Additionally, this article will discuss the potential therapies that may be available in the future.

Ebola Virus Disease Vaccines: Development, Current Perspectives & Challenges.

The global outgoing outbreaks of Ebola virus disease (EVD) in different regions of Sudan, Uganda, and Western Africa have brought into focus the inadequacies and restrictions of pre-designed vaccines for use in the battle against EVD, which has affirmed the urgent need for the development of a systematic protocol to produce Ebola vaccines prior to an outbreak. There are several vaccines available being developed by preclinical trials and human-based clinical trials. The group of vaccines includes virus-like particle-based vaccines, DNA-based vaccines, whole virus recombinant vaccines, incompetent replication originated vaccines, and competent replication vaccines. The limitations and challenges faced in the development of Ebola vaccines are the selection of immunogenic, rapid-responsive, cross-protective immunity-based vaccinations with assurances of prolonged protection. Another issue for the manufacturing and distribution of vaccines involves post authorization, licensing, and surveillance to ensure a vaccine's efficacy towards combating the Ebola outbreak. The current review focuses on the development process, the current perspective on the development of an Ebola vaccine, and future challenges for combatting future emerging Ebola infectious disease.

A Detailed Overview of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron: Its Sub-Variants, Mutations and Pathophysiology, Clinical Characteristics, Immunological Landscape, Immune Escape, and Therapies.

The COVID-19 pandemic has created significant concern for everyone. Recent data from many worldwide reports suggest that most infections are caused by the Omicron variant and its sub-lineages, dominating all the previously emerged variants. The numerous mutations in Omicron's viral genome and its sub-lineages attribute it a larger amount of viral fitness, owing to the alteration of the transmission and pathophysiology of the virus. With a rapid change to the viral structure, Omicron and its sub-variants, namely BA.1, BA.2, BA.3, BA.4, and BA.5, dominate the community with an ability to escape the neutralization efficiency induced by prior vaccination or infections. Similarly, several recombinant sub-variants of Omicron, namely XBB, XBD, and XBF, etc., have emerged, which a better understanding. This review mainly entails the changes to Omicron and its sub-lineages due to it having a higher number of mutations. The binding affinity, cellular entry, disease severity, infection rates, and most importantly, the immune evading potential of them are discussed in this review. A comparative analysis of the Delta variant and the other dominating variants that evolved before Omicron gives the readers an in-depth understanding of the landscape of Omicron's transmission and infection. Furthermore, this review discusses the range of neutralization abilities possessed by several approved antiviral therapeutic molecules and neutralizing antibodies which are functional against Omicron and its sub-variants. The rapid evolution of the sub-variants is causing infections, but the broader aspect of their transmission and neutralization has not been explored. Thus, the scientific community should adopt an elucidative approach to obtain a clear idea about the recently emerged sub-variants, including the recombinant variants, so that effective neutralization with vaccines and drugs can be achieved. This, in turn, will lead to a drop in the number of cases and, finally, an end to the pandemic.

Exosome-Based Smart Drug Delivery Tool for Cancer Theranostics.

Exosomes are the phospholipid-membrane-bound subpopulation of extracellular vesicles derived from the plasma membrane. The main activity of exosomes is cellular communication. In cancer, exosomes play an important rolefrom two distinct perspectives, one related to carcinogenesis and the other as theragnostic and drug delivery tools. The outer phospholipid membrane of Exosome improves drug targeting efficiency. . Some of the vital features of exosomes such as biocompatibility, low toxicity, and low immunogenicity make it a more exciting drug delivery system. Exosome-based drug delivery is a new innovative approach to cancer treatment. Exosome-associated biomarker analysis heralded a new era of cancer diagnostics in a more specific way. This Review focuses on exosome biogenesis, sources, isolation, interrelationship with cancer and exosome-related cancer biomarkers, drug loading methods, exosome-based biomolecule delivery, advances and limitations of exosome-based drug delivery, and exosome-based drug delivery in clinical settings studies. The exosome-based understanding of cancer will change the diagnostic and therapeutic approach in the future.

Cancer stem cells (CSCs): key player of radiotherapy resistance and its clinical significance.

Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are self-renewing and slow-multiplying micro subpopulations in tumour microenvironments. CSCs contribute to cancer's resistance to radiation (including radiation) and other treatments. CSCs control the heterogeneity of the tumour. It alters the tumour's microenvironment cellular singling and promotes epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Current research decodes the role of extracellular vesicles (EVs) and CSCs interlink in radiation resistance. Exosome is a subpopulation of EVs and originated from plasma membrane. It is secreted by several active cells. It involed in cellular communication and messenger of healthly and multiple pathological complications. Exosomal biological active cargos (DNA, RNA, protein, lipid and glycan), are capable to transform recipient cells' nature. The molecular signatures of CSCs and CSC-derived exosomes are potential source of cancer theranostics development. This review discusse cancer stem cells, radiation-mediated CSCs development, EMT associated with CSCs, the role of exosomes in radioresistance development, the current state of radiation therapy and the use of CSCs and CSCs-derived exosomes biomolecules as a clinical screening biomarker for cancer. This review gives new researchers a reason to keep an eye on the next phase of scientific research into cancer theranostics that will help mankind.